Space & Astronomy/Space and Astronomy (October 1993).iso/mac/TEXT/SPACEDIG/V16_0/V16NO025.TXT

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Date: Sat,  9 Jan 93 05:03:23
From: Space Digest maintainer <[e-mail]>
Reply-To: [e-mail]
Subject: Space Digest V16 #025
To: Space Digest Readers
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Space Digest                Sat,  9 Jan 93       Volume 16 : Issue 025

Today's Topics:
                       *** BUSSARD RAMSCOOP ***
                      Commercial Space News #19
                        Contacting Pete Conrad
        Stupid Shut Cost arguements (was Re: Terminal Velocity

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Date: Fri, 8 Jan 1993 12:12:37 MST
From: "Richard Schroeppel" <[e-mail]>
Subject: *** BUSSARD RAMSCOOP ***

Since fusing protons is so hard, why not use deuterons?
They fuse at a lower temperature, and the reaction only
requires regrouping the nucleons, rather than invoking the
weak force to transmute p->n.  The Earth's d/p ratio is ~.0001.
Perhaps the ramscoop collector could selectively enrich d,
by selecting for atoms having a magnetic moment.

Rich Schroeppel  [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 08 Jan 93  01:46:29
From: [e-mail]
Subject: Commercial Space News #19
Newsgroups: sci.space

COMMERCIAL SPACE NEWS 19

   This is number nineteen in an irregular series on developments in
commercial space activities. The commentaries included are my
thoughts on these developments.
   This is a short column in number of articles, but still fairly
long.  I should be able to follow this with another issue fairly
quickly, since those articles are just about ready to go as well.
  In contrast to the last column primarily dealing with Russian
market moves, this one's more of mixed bag.  A lot of restructuring
news, with two articles on changes in US government organizations
which may have a large influence on future US commercial space
market developments ...

Contents -
1- NEC RESTRUCTURES TO ENTER COMMERCIAL SATELLITE MARKET
2- NASA RESTRUCTURES COMMERCIAL SPACE SUPPORT ORGANIZATION
3- RIMSAT GOES TO RUSSIA FOR TONGAN SATS
4- MEXICAN FIRM PLANS LATIN AMERICAN LEO CONSTELLATION
5- ECHOSTAR BETS BIG ON DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE TV
6- THERE'S GOLD IN 'THAR IMAGES; ESSI ANNOUNCES NEW TECHNIQUE
7- COMMERCIAL LAUNCHES USED AS JUSTIFICATION FOR NEW US LAUNCHER
FINAL NOTES -

ARTICLES
 ----------------------------------------------------------------
1- NEC RESTRUCTURES TO ENTER COMMERCIAL SATELLITE MARKET
   The Japanese corporation NEC (Nippon Electric Company)
restructured in mid-November to establish itself as a player in the
commercial satellite market. Two divisions were consolidated into a
single division that could compete for up-coming commercial
communications satellite orders and other commercial satellites.
The NEC Space Laser Division (which is a leading manufacturer of
communications satellite transponders) and the Space Development
Division (which manufactures satellite structures and integrates
total satellite hardware) were  combined into one operational
division.
   [Commentary:  For the past decade I've been watching Japanese
aerospace firms move towards establishing a commercial market
presence for satellite construction.  This announcement is probably
the last step needed to establish a competitive player.  While
Japanese firms are building sophisticated satellites to be launched
for Japanese government programs, they have not yet entered into
open commercial competition.
   Part of this has been from trade pressure brought to bear by the
US and Europe, who have forced the Japanese government ministries to
open up Japanese 'commercial' satellite bidding to all entrants,
without having 'favored son' clauses in the bid releases.  In the
view of many in the industry, such clauses would have favored
Japanese satellite manufacturers, and would have forced the
contracts to "Buy Japanese".  However, even in current competitive
Japanese commercial bids (virtually all which been won by US firms),
a large amount of subcontract work and business "offsets" have gone
back to the Japanese satellite component manufacturers.
   This is not uncommon in international trade, and it provides a
basis for Japanese firms to develop and hone their skills for entry
into the commercial market. Plus the Japanese government contracts
for Japanese satellites provide a base of work to maintain a trained
and experienced satellite construction team.
  The new NEC reorganization sets up a structure which now can bid
as prime on upcoming communications satellite contracts in close to
full organizational parity to Loral, Hughes, Alcatel, Aerospatiale,
Matra, BAe, and GE.
   Whether or not this will be enough to provide a competitive edge,
will be a different story.  It still remains to be seen if NEC will
subsidize the initial bid to gain market entry, or if there will be
a round of "learning" before winning a prime contract, or even what
the competitive counter moves from other established players will
be.
   Since the area of most rapid growth in satellite communications
service demand is the East Asia area where Japanese firms might have
a "home court" advantage, I expect to see some interesting market
moves in the next communications satellite competition in this
market sector.]

2- NASA RESTRUCTURES COMMERCIAL SPACE SUPPORT ORGANIZATION
   During October's shakeup of NASA's organizational structure, NASA
reorganized its commercial space activities support office.  In the
reorganization, a new Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology
(OACT) was created, combining the previous Office of Commercial
Programs with the technology development activities of the previous
Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology. The OACT is now
chartered to specifically develop advanced technologies which have
commercial as well as governmental uses, and which enhance US
business competitiveness.
   In later statements about the new office, NASA Administrator Dan
Goldin identified the office as specifically addressing 4 areas
which were not adequately covered in previous NASA organizations:
  - systems engineering and integration for advanced space systems
     concepts
  - providing NASA access for outsiders with innovative technology
  - establishing technology transfer into the commercial sector; and
  - commercializing space activities. Goldin stated there was an
imbalance within NASA between scientific and business needs in
setting NASA program requirements.  Using the Mission to Planet
Earth as an example, Goldin said ""We've got to bring American
industry into NASA's program...NASA must be weaned from being a jobs
program into being a program that will get America number one in
competitiveness."
   In his strategy, Goldin split commercialization activities into
near-term, mid-term, and long-term.  Near-term commercial
experiments are those opportunities which might provide
technological advances which could be quickly translated into near
term commercial benefits (in specific, the Wake Shield experiments
were seen as providing some crucial data for the semiconductor
industry).
   In the mid-term, development programs like Space Station Freedom
and Mission to Planet Earth must, in Goldin's strategy, be
integrally involved with American industry outside the usual cadre
of NASA contractors. And in the long term, industrial applications
and concerns would be included in new programs, and potential long-
term industrial benefits must be included in their assessments.
    Greg Reck, currently director for space technology, becomes
acting associate administrator to head up the new Advanced Concepts
and Technology office.  Courtney Stadd, from the National Space
Council staff, becomes Reck's acting deputy.  Jack Mannix, who was
Assistant Administrator for the Office of Commercial Programs, will
become Associate General Counsel for Intellectual Property.
   [Commentary:  In general, I think this reorganization seems to be
a step in the right direction.  I normally don't include NASA
organizational issues in this columns, but in this area NASA
activities can and do have a large impact on commercial space
activities.  Over the past several years, NASA has been acting as
more and more of a facilitator for commercial space ventures, and
less and less as a competitor. While there is still a long way to
go, NASA is no longer a competitor in many areas of commercial space
activities.
   This NASA reorganization should elevate the synergistic role
between NASA and industry in developing and using technology outside
of NASA's limited internal purview.  Over the past two decades,
commercial and industrial considerations almost always have had a
lower priority than NASA's internal considerations.  This caused
problems with technology transfer and serious problems in the
development and use of technologies desired and needed by the
commercial space sector.  This organizational restructuring should
help emphasize the policy that commercial and industrial
considerations have more weight in NASA decision making.
   A reorganization should not be seen as a panacea, but this is a
very visible sign that folks are trying to change the NASA culture.
I have also seen some actions being taken at lower levels within
NASA in order to carry out this policy, but there is still much to
be done.
   The biggest remaining problems in NASA's decision process to
bring in industrial and commercial participation are in space
transportation, infrastructure development, and day-to-day center
operations.  While NASA activities have been opened up for
commercial bidding for ELV launch of suitable payloads (as required
by the Presidential Space Policy and the LSPA), routine operations
of other NASA space transportation systems still needs to be
transferred to commercial operations.  These include sounding
rockets and the Space Shuttle.  I have heard of some efforts
underway in these areas, but have seen little action to implement a
transition to commercial operators.
   Infrastructure development by NASA is also an area in which more
commercial and industrial considerations need considered.  There
have been some abortive attempts to encourage commercial development
of infrastructure to be used by NASA, but these have primarily come
to naught due to the uncertainty of multi-year government usage and
cost considerations.  Bills currently proposed in the House and
Senate would greatly encourage commercial participation in this area
as they would allow NASA to negotiate multi-year contracts with
termination liability clauses.  And again, routine operation and
maintenance of NASA infrastructure elements should be turned over
commercial operators -- including such facilities as the KC-135
microgravity aircraft (commercial alternatives have been proposed),
the WETF weightlessness water tanks training facilities, the deep
space tracking system, and even Space Station Freedom.
   However, the biggest problem remaining is within the day-to-day
NASA field center operations.  Day-to-day NASA operations are still
very much focused inwards and commercial or industrial entities are
seen as "competitors" and not as "partners" or "customers".  The
NASA culture still needs to take a giant step to open up day-to-day
center considerations to include commercial and industrial concerns.
This will be the hardest step of all.]

3- RIMSAT GOES TO RUSSIA FOR TONGAN SATS
   It was recently announced a new firm, Rimsat Ltd. of Fort Wayne,
Indiana, will operate up to 7 new communications satellites over the
Pacific.  At a 17 Nov press conference in Washington DC, the firm
revealed it had received formal approval from the Russian Space
Agency for a $ 150 M deal to use 7 Russian satellites to provide
communications services across the Pacific, and has also negotiated
terms with the Kingdom of Tonga to use at least 2 GEO slots already
set aside for Tonga.
   According to Michael A. Sternber, Rimsat's Chief Operating
Officer, Pacific region telecommunications service could begin as
early as Jan 1993, since 2 of the Russian satellites are already in
orbit. Under an agreement with Tonga, 2 GEO slots at 130 and 134 deg
East have been leased, and they will be filled as soon as final
negotiations are completed and a Russian satellite can be drifted
into at one slot.  Options to use two more Tongan slots have been
exercised, and Rimsat has placed a further option to use any other
unused, abandoned, or yet-to-be-acquired Tongan GEO positions.

   Satellite services to and from Tonga could begin as early as
January, and Rimsat expects additional satellites to be launched
between Sep 1993 and Mar 1996.  Current agreements provide for the
lease to Rimsat for 3 'Gorizont' satellites (each with 6 C-band and
1 K-band transponders) and 4 'Express' satellites (10 C-band and 2
K-band transponders, each).  Rimsat also holds a long-term option
for Rimsat to buy 10 more 'Express' satellites or any other
'Express' satellites not planned for use by the Russian government.
   [Commentary: This is an interesting deal from several angles.
First, the use existing older satellites for fast entry into a fast
developing, dynamic market area.  The two satellites that can be
used by Rimsat only have a couple of years worth of expected life
left, but allow a quick and cheap market entry.
   Secondly, the use of Tongan slots to provide regional
communications services, exploits existing regulatory structures.
The Republic of Tonga, through their communications agency Tongasat,
has been very proactive in requesting and reserving GEO slot
allocations.  At one time, Tongasat had requested over a dozen
slots.  Tonga currently has several slots already allocated through
the International Telecommunications Union.  It was highly unlikely
the small island nation of Tonga could have used all of the slots
they requested for domestic or even international telecommunications
links, but through this deal they will gain lease fees for an
international regional telecommunications provider to use their
unused allocation.  Furthermore, by 'doubling up' 2 satellites into
each slot, Rimsat can get a higher capacity when needed, without
having to buy more expensive higher capacity satellites up front.
    Lastly, this is the one of the first real deals to specifically
call out use of Russian satellites and launchers on the basis of
cost.  According to Rimsat, building and launching the 7 planned
satellites is about 40% cheaper than Western alternative systems.
And while the cost or putting the system in place is less, Rimsat
will be serving a region including Australia, China, Hong Kong,
Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand
where communications demand is very high with a high growth rate,
and can charge market rates for their services.
   The two sticky points which have yet to be resolved are the
completion of financing for the deal and signing up the first set of
customers.  Customers are not expected to be a problem due to the
current market demand, but Rimsat is still in the process of looking
for financing.  They have a commitment letter from Triquest Group in
Stanford, Connecticut but have not yet lined up full financing for
the deal. I don't expect this to be a problem, other than perhaps
some schedule slippage.]

4- MEXICAN FIRM PLANS LATIN AMERICAN LEO CONSTELLATION
   Mexico City-based Leo One Panamericana has announced plans to
build and launch a LEO satellite constellation to provide
communications services to Latin America.  Leo One is a subsidiary
of Tecelmex, a cellular phone service provider in Mexico, and will
initially concentrate upon the markets they know best - Mexico and
Latin America.  The planned satellite system will not provide real
time services (such as voice telephony), but will provide
monitoring, tracking, paging, messaging, electronic mail, faxing,
security, emergency notification, and positioning information.
   Leo One's system is initially planned to be 12 satellites in an
80 degree circular orbits at 1,400 km altitude, with each satellite
covering users in a 2,500 km radius.  As demand grows, up to 36
satellites may eventually be launched into the constellation.
Current plans are to use US satellite technology launched using a
CIS rocket.
   James Stuart, Chief Technical Officer for the venture, recognizes
several significant milestones the team must meet before the venture
can be a success: 1) If Western technology power will allow such
advanced satellite technology to be launched using CIS rockets, 2)
if Mexico's Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes will grant
permission to to operate experimental ground terminals and
eventually an independent satellite system, and 3) if other LEO
ventures don't saturate the market.
   An experimental program to prove out the technology is underway
using high altitude balloons from Utah State University and using
technology expertise from JPL through JPL's technology affiliates
program.  If the program is executed, Leo One estimates the 150 Kg
satellites will cost $2-4 M each, with another $1.5-2 M to launch
each satellite.  User communicators are expected to cost $300-500
each.  The earliest estimated date for launch is in 1994, with
commercial operations beginning in 1995.
   [Commentary:  Another LEO satellite constellation tip-toes into
the market.  The most interesting thing about this venture is it is
specifically ignoring the primary telecommunications markets of
Europe, East Asia, and the US/Canada. I believe part of this is due
to the experience the their parent company has had in the Mexican
telecommunications market.
   From some limited examination I've done of the telecommunications
market in Mexico, it has "leap frogged" the usual ground based
infrastructure to a rapidly growing cellular-technology based
market.  Part of this has been due to the slow response to
installing line-based infrastructure by the Mexican PT&T which has
encouraged firms to look to wireless solutions, but this evolution
has also been driven by the availability of relatively inexpensive
cellular technology, a boom in demand for telecommunications as
Mexico's economy grows, and he ability of capitalistic vendors to
quickly supply cellular solutions to meet user's needs.
   From Leo One's perspective, providing the capability to allow a
user in Argentina to quickly and reliability send faxes to Brazil
for $1 a page, seems very attractive.  Most of their strategy seems
to be to provide quick, basic and reasonably priced data
communications capability on a large-scale regional basis rather
than accept the higher costs of providing full, real-time, seamless
telecommunications through a more expensive and sophisticated
constellation.  Essentially, they are bi-passing the national PT&T
nets which provide phone links and other real-time communications
and going to after the market provide data transfer and other more
business-related services.
    I think this is a good niche approach to the market, and I wish
the Leo One folks good luck in their venture.  But they are very
vulnerable to lose their markets from the more expensive and
sophisticated LEO constellations proposed in the US and Europe.
Those systems can provide data communications like Leo One's merely
as a sideline business to their very sophisticated global
telecommunications constellations, and might be able to beat Leo
One's user price.  However, due to the higher level of
sophistication such constellations will also be much more expensive
and difficult to finance and get into the operational stage.  That
has been the most serious hurdle for "big LEO"  constellations.]

5- ECHOSTAR BETS BIG ON DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE TV
  There are now three serious competitors lining up for the US
direct broadcast satellite TV market -- Direct TV, US Satellite
Broadcasting, and Echostar.  The latest, Echostar Satellite Company,
a subsidiary of Echosphere Corp, was announced last month.  Echostar
is very bullish on the direct broadcast satellite market -- they
announced they had signed a firm contract for 7 high-powered
broadcast satellites from General Electric.
   This contract is a big gamble and while the terms of the contract
are firm, and there is some flexibility reported in the contractual
delivery schedules, the contracts requires that the WILL be produced
and paid for by Echostar in a firm money deal.  As described as by
the company's CEO, Charles Ergen as "If they [the satellites] don't
happen, then we're chapter 11."
   As currently planned, EchoStar will broadcast several hundred
channels of TV (including High Definition TV Broadcasts), high
quality  audio, and data services to households, businesses, and
commercial companies.  18-inch receiving dishes will be used.
   [Commentary:  I've been watching the DBS market for some years
now.  The last swell of interest in DBS died out, leaving several
half-built satellites, and several business failures, but no DBS
services over the US.  Astra, in the European DBS market, has
provided a good market model, as a profitable DBS venture which
started small, proved out the technology and market, and has
profitably expanded as their market grew.  This second swell of
ventures for direct to home satellite broadcasting in the US seems
to be real.
   Several firms now think the time is ripe for a US market venture.
Of these, the Echostar venture seems the most gutsy.  If the market
doesn't develop, or if they can't capture enough customers, they
will have serious financial problems -- if the terms on the
contracts are such as they have announced.
    Some reports claim Echostar has lined up about $200 M in capital
to support the first phase of their venture.  My estimates are this
is not enough for them to complete their entire venture, but that
amount of funding could provide them the financial muscle to enter
the market in a big way.
   Evidently, Echostar thinks the gamble is good bet.  In support of
their logic, they offer some analyses which show they provide per-
home information access for about $500 compared to $1200 for fiber
optic cabling -- giving satellites a low-cost advantage in providing
point-to-multipoint regional information distribution.  But, while
Echosphere has some experience in satellite dish installation and
services, they still will be competing with the installed base of
cable systems.
   By being second into the DBS market, Echostar may also have an
advantage in they can learn from the market pioneer's expensive
lessons learned. If the market pioneer demonstrates a viable market
approach, Echostar can quickly move to tailor their product to the
most profitable and cost-effective approach without having to spend
millions in testing products and markets.  For example, DirecTV has
to pick a signal compression technique now and make it work -- while
Echostar can wait a little while until the technology is more
proven.  Similarly, the market leader must go through the expense of
educating the public about direct satellite broadcasts, but Echostar
can build upon that base of public awareness.
   There is still big market risk here -- being first into a market
can be a substantial advantage, particularly if the market doesn't
turn out to be as large as expected, or if the first firm entering
can lock up the market base.   Echostar's gamble of accepting the
challenge of being second into the DBS market is pretty gutsy.
   And I still haven't hear how Echostar will attack the achilles
heel of DBS systems - programming.  Offering several hundred
channels of service also means there must be several hundred
different sets of programming.  There are only so many times one can
send reruns of Gilligan's Island or Wheel of Fortune, without having
customers turn away.  Quality and quantity of programming will be
critical to making any DBS system marketable.
   DirecTV is teamed with Sony, which has access through a major
motion picture studio for video, and through a record firm for music
and other forms of entertainment.  I believe Echostar must establish
a strategic partnership to provide programming to make their venture
a complete success.]

6- THERE'S GOLD IN 'THAR IMAGES; ESSI ANNOUNCES NEW TECHNIQUE
  A small remote sensing firm, Earth Search Sciences, Inc. announced
in late November it had development a new technique to use space
technology to find precious metal deposits.  Working with NASA and
Sverdrup scientists through the NASA CCDS at Stennis Space Center in
Mississippi, ESSI has developed a mineral exploration technique that
integrates satellite remote sensing data with a new Australian
portable spectrometer that identifies minerals associated with
precious metal deposits at rock exposures.
   ESSI's technique uses survey data from the Landsat satellite
Thematic Mapper instrument to locate and classify potential targets
over a large area.  When a target is identified, it is overflown
with the NASA Airborne Visible/ Infrared Imaging Spectrometer for
greater detail, and maps showing areas with highest probability for
valuable mineral deposits are constructed from the merged sensor
data.  Ground verification of the data is using a PIMA-II
spectrometer, manufactured by Integrated Spectronics Party Ltd., of
Sydney, Australia.  This instrument  can instantly identify many of
the minerals associated with precious metal deposits, shortcutting a
process which previously took weeks of analytical laboratory time.
   To prove out this technique, ESSI recently completed a test
series at Cuprite, Nevada in an area which has been extensively
studied by remote sensing techniques, and which is located just
south of the famous Goldfield mining district in southern Nevada.
During the tests, ESSI geologists were able to detect a previously
unknown major detachment fault associated with the mineralization at
Cuprite and quickly and accurately identified minerals associated
with potential economic mineral deposits, finding a previously
unknown outcropping of gold ore.
   According to ESSI, the technique has numerous other applications
including petroleum exploration, environmental assessment, mineral
exploration, pollution and water quality monitoring, wild life and
forest management and agriculture administration.  Larry Vance, ESSI
company chief executive officer, was reported as stating: "This
technology allows our exploration company to identify and evaluate
economic targets more rapidly and reliably than conventional
methods, thus giving us a definite edge in the marketplace."
   [Commentary:  This is an example of some of the new remote
sensing techniques coming onto the market.  ESSI has apparently
developed a very fast technique -- capable of getting ground
verification of space-derived data apparently within a few days of
gathering the remote sensing data (and those few days are primarily
in data crank and travel time).  IF it can be proved out, then ESSI
might have developed a good, valuable commercial product.
   It is also interesting to note that as better and better remote
sensing data satellite data is available with the new generation of
satellites, and as GIS data bases are built up from this data, the
ability to rapidly survey and evaluate data for marketable products
should also greatly improve.
   But remember, this data came from ESSI...
   Since this column is to focus on commercial space opportunities
for investors, it should be noted that Earth Search Sciences Inc. is
a publicly traded company, and is listed as '3EDII' in the Pink
Sheets which cover small, thinly traded companies.  I should also
note, that coverage in this column is neither a solicitation or
advice to buy this stock.  It is only provided as information for
interested parties.  Before making any investment, research the
investment and be aware of the risks associated with it.  If you are
interested in ESSI, call or write for their prospectus and their
annual report and read them, crank the financials, and look at the
company and its market before investing your money.  Be aware of the
risks involved with any investment.]

7- COMMERCIAL LAUNCHES USED AS JUSTIFICATION FOR NEW US LAUNCHER
   [Regardless of political philosophy, current government space
activities must be recognized as potentially having great effect on
commercial space ventures.  This article is included as some of the
policies being discussed may have substantial impact on commercial
launch systems.]
   There have been two recent reports produced by advisory groups to
the US National Space Council.  For the last several months, there
has been an activity to reexamine the US government's space
transportation policies and attempt to lay out a roadmap for future
space transportation developments.  Groups focusing on the
industrial base for space activities and on US government space
transportation needs have recently released their reports.
   The group examining the US industrial base required to support
future space activities made several recommendations of importance
for commercial space activities.  Their fundamental finding was the
US space industrial base is adequate to fulfill US government
requirements, but caveated that conclusion for the future as
assuming NASA and DoD adequately support space technology
development, and upon the on-going industry restructuring being done
efficiently in order to continue to provide core industrial
capabilities.  They identified that US commercial launch firms could
see trouble in the next several years.  As the report states:
  "If it was a poor idea for U.S. firms to have to compete against
   the U.S. government in the case of the space shuttle, it is a
   poor idea for those same firms to have to compete against the
   Russian and Chinese governments..." Specific recommendations for
the US government to maintain the commercial space industry
included:
   - complete a "rules-of-the-road" pact with Europe on acceptable
business practices for launch contracts.  These would serve as an
international standard for firms from non-market economies.
   - reduce export restrictions on space items with non-critical
defense technologies like communications satellites
   - encourage multiple small government programs rather than a
single large one
   - continue government procurement reform to encourage commercial
bidding for space-related contracts by emphasizing performance
requirements rather than design specs, funding risk-shared
technology demonstration programs, and increasing the use of
commercial business practices and components.
   The second panel, which looked at US government space
transportation requirements, called for replacing current US space
transportation systems with a single new, low-cost expendable core
launch vehicle.  The primary reason claimed was to integrate a
completely new technology launch vehicle to be the "most efficient,
effective, reliable, safe and cost competitive space launch concept
that our technology is capable of providing".
   Pete Aldridge, CEO of Aerospace Corp. and chairman of the study,
said current systems are capable of meeting the basic needs of
launching government payloads into space, but a new modular launch
system for use with manned as well as unmanned missions was needed
to provide "future U.S. competitiveness" and to reduce costs and
risks for space launch.  2002 was suggested as a reasonable target
date for initial operational capability for this system.
   The proposed new launcher, called 'Spacelifter,' could have "a
cost to launch of a factor of two below comparable existing launch
vehicles", according to Aldridge, and the new vehicle would be "the
key to future commercial competitiveness, allowing the U.S. industry
to undercut the price of most foreign competition." In conjunction
with a manned personnel launch system and an unmanned cargo transfer
and return vehicle, Spacelifter was claimed to support the continued
operation of the Space Station.
   Aldridge said his panel could not find the requirements to
justify the development of a heavy lift launch vehicle in the near
term, but did recognize heavy lift capability will be required
sometime in the future.
   To fund Spacelifter, Aldridge's panel identified a number of
programs to kill and transfer funds from.  Specifically identified
were: reducing Shuttle operations, slowing Titan production,
terminating the (ASRM) program, killing the MLV-3 competition and
killing Shuttle production capability.
   To run the new effort, Aldridge's group recommended establishing
a new single space launch authority within the government to be
responsible for the planning, integration and coordination of space
launch programs across all government agencies.  Aldridge stated
this organization would then delegate the management of the space
launch program to selected government agencies.
   Shortly thereafter,  USAF Maj. Gen. Donald G. Hard, director of
space and Strategic Defense Initiative programs, was reported in the
industry literature to be pushing for a USAF FY 94 new start for
Spacelifter in the DoD budget, if the 2002 target availability goal
is to be met.  As reported in the trade press, if the Air Force
become the single space launch authority and takes over Spacelifter
development, Gen. Hard would request clean-sheet, fully competitive
proposals from industry, going through the normal DoD procurement
cycle starting with competitive Phase 1 concept exploration studies.
All technical approaches for 'Spacelifter' would be considered --
including rejecting the USAF/NASA STME engine which was the core of
the NLS development effort.
   Gen. Hard said preliminary USAF estimates put the Spacelifter
development program at about $10 billion, down from NLS's $14
billion estimate.  These cost reductions are primarily due to not
man-rating the vehicle, and not building manned launch facilities.
The Spacelifter concept used for the preliminary estimates was a
single cryogenically fueled core, with solid- propellant strap-on
rockets added as needed to increase launch performance.
   If a man-rated version was desired, Hard stated, NASA would be
responsible for funding and developing it.
   Gen. Hard was reported as saying the commercial potential of a
20,000-pound class space launcher would be a big selling point on
Capitol Hill, and eventually he could see the companies that build
the rocket launching Air Force payloads on it as a commercial launch
service provider.
   [Commentary: The National Space Council has been pursuing a space
transportation systems strategy study for several months now.
Exactly how this strategy will play in the new Space Council under a
Clinton/Gore administration is unknown.  But these two reports
provide some key recommendations which will be used in formulating
any new government space launch strategy.
   The first report, on the industrial base for commercial space
launch operations, reiterates several strategies which have been
pursued by US commercial space supporters.  The report provides a
good packaging of strategies and ties them into providing the base
for future commercial launch firm viability.  In my opinion, it is
was an excellent overview report, and the strategies here should be
pursued.
   The second report, which calls for development of 'Spacelifter',
also really doesn't present a fundamentally new strategy.  The US
DoD and other organizations have been pushing for a new vehicle to
replace the expensive Titan-IV for some years.  However, supportable
technical requirements for such a system have been elusive, and the
best argument seems to be as a "generational change" to embody a
full portfolio of new technology to reduce DoD operating costs.  But
such a generational change comes with a hefty price tag ($ 10 B or
so), and is very vulnerable from a cost-effectiveness argument to a
lower-cost incremental improvement strategy for current ELVs.
   Furthermore, the costs of "man-rating" the system are
specifically excluded from the program, and it is assumed that NASA
will pick up those development costs and the costs of any new
manned-operations related facilities, as well as the costs of a new
manned personnel launch system and a new cargo return system needed
to fully replace the shuttle system.  This is another cost which has
to be factored in is such a new development is to be pursed.
   To increase the justification for the Titan-IV replacement
'Spacelifter', the argument is being made that such a system would
allow US firms to compete more effectively for commercial launch
contracts in the international market.  This assumes the development
costs for such a launcher would be sunk (absorbed) by the US
government, and only the operational system turned over to a US
commercial launch firm to compete with.   While this government sunk
development cost approach is being used in Europe (Ariane), and in
Japan (H-2), I expect it will encounter great resistance in the US.
   There are several competitive US space launch firms. If a single
firm is given a $10 B sunk cost advantage to get a "factor of two"
reduction in recurring costs, other commercial firms will operate at
a market disadvantage.  With such a large differential in costs,
other US firms will probably be driven out of business, whereas
government subsidized international competition will match prices.
   At a minimum, other US firms will strenuously object to the
selection of a government-subsidized domestic competitor.  At a
minimum, turning Spacelifter over to a single commercial operator
will be challenged as 'restraint' of trade.  To paraphrase the
industrial base study:  "If it was a poor idea for U.S. firms to
have to compete against the U.S. government in the case of the space
shuttle, it is a poor idea for those same firms to have to compete
against U.S. government in the case of 'Spacelifter'."
   I believe this issue has not yet been completely addressed in the
National Space Council launch strategy review, and should be
addressed under the new administration before any strategy is
implemented.  And the impact of new technologies looming on the
2000-2010 horizon such as NASP or SSTO can't just be ignored in any
future national space launch strategy.
   If commercial launch benefits are the key "selling point" for
Spacelifter, I believe a FY94 new start for Spacelifter is
premature, and should be delayed until commercialization issues are
resolved.  Other national security and budgetary issues may force
the Spacelifter program forwards, but a government investment of $10
B should be well thought out before committing to to single approach
including laying out a path to effective commercialization.
   There are several strategies which can be taken to commercialize
such a system -- including a consortium approach for development and
operation, a very serious technology development and tech transfer
program to existing systems to level the playing fields, and a
purely commercial launch services approach in which equivalent
government development funds are made available to competing systems
with a "fly off" to select an annual winner of government launch
services contracts.
   The commercialization issue for 'Spacelifter' will continue for
some time...  And since it will set the framework for future
commercial US launch competitiveness, I will continue to follow it.
Stay tuned ...
   As a side note, I find this 'Spacelifter" discussion rather
amusing, in sort of a morbid way.  Some years ago I worked on a
USAF/NASA funded contract to define the next generation, low cost
launch vehicle.  Our team came up with a single cryogenic core, with
strap on solids to get minimum cost. (Sound familiar?)  We also said
we didn't need the STME, and that reopening production lines of
Saturn-era engines would be the most cost-effective approach, and we
didn't need a lot of fancy technology development rather than
application of manufacturing technologies.  Our team lost the next
round to fully-modular, all cryogenically fueled systems as we
weren't "high tech enough" to justify the new development programs
which were the real reason for the program.  Oh well, now the USAF
is now pushing something very similar to our proposal from several
years ago... Whatever goes around comes around... <sigh>]

FINAL NOTES -
   There should be a couple of quick columns following this one.  I
still have enough semi-processed information to produce another
column at the end of this one.  And finally, I have put together the
data to generate a generic commercial space market index, which will
be the topic of a subsequent issue.
   As always, I hope you folks find this stuff useful and
interesting -- Any and all comments are welcome.
 ------------------------------------------------------------------
 Wales Larrison                         Space Technology Investor
 "Ex abusu non arguitur ad usum"              P.O. Box 2452
                                        Seal Beach, CA 90740-1452

------------------------------

Date: 8 Jan 93 17:52:10 GMT
From: Mike Smithwick <[e-mail]>
Subject: Contacting Pete Conrad
Newsgroups: sci.space

[]

Does anyone know how I could get in contact with Pete Conrad? I have
a couple of questions regarding Apollo 12 I need to get answered.

mike

--
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------------------------------

Date: 8 Jan 93 17:32:24 GMT
From: "Edward V. Wright" <[e-mail]>
Subject: Stupid Shut Cost arguements (was Re: Terminal Velocity
Newsgroups: sci.space

In <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Doug Mohney) writes:

>It's time for the periodic reality check:

>    A) Alan will fight for Freedom and favor it over renting space
>       on Mir, yet Freedom has yet to be launched. Mir Exists.

>    B) Alan will fight to shut down the 4 Shuttles, a multibillion
>       dollar program ) and replace them with a
>       Soyuz sitting on a U.S. booster. Which hasn't been launched, but
>         with a few hand-waving tricks, manages to respark the whole
>       U.S. aerospace industry.

>What is wrong with this picture?


Actually, there's a certain logic to that.  As long as NASA continues
to operate the Shuttle as a "national space transportation system,"
it will continue to wage guerilla warfare against anyone else who seeks
to get into the launch business.

On the other hand, there is no space-station business, so Freedom
doesn't compete with anybody yet.  And although Freedom will cost
ten times what it should, it will return some benefits.  And if
NASA focuses its attention on Freedom, it will have less time to
spend defending its sacred cow, the Shuttle, against potential
competition.

You may agree or disagree with these reasons, but there's nothing
inconsistent.

------------------------------

End of Space Digest Volume 16 : Issue 025
------------------------------